After having been approved on 11.01.2011, the Turkish Code of Obligations (the “TCO”) numbered 6098 was published on the Official Gazette dated 04.02.2011 and numbered 27836. In accordance with the Article 648, the TCO entered into force as of the date of 01.07.2012.

While Coronavirus (“Covid-19”) is still affecting the world essentially, retail industry, as one of the most deeply affected fields in the commercial world by the reflections of the pandemic, should also be careful to pass their plans through the legal filter, in order to protect the health of employees, to satisfy customers and to get over this Covid-19 period with the least possible losses.

Cryptocurrency trade has become a highly preferred investment type in recent years and the popularity of the said investment has considerably increased in Turkey as well. As it is known, since cryptocurrency is not a material type of fiat money and cannot be claimed ownership by any state or organization, its status and conformity to the law remained in a questionable dimension.

As most people are aware of, on February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation (“Russia”) launched a large-scale air and ground military operation against Ukraine with the support of Donetsk (“DNR”) and the Luhansk People’s Republics (“LNR”) in the Donbas region.

Dual-use items, which include goods, software, and technology applicable for both civilian and military purposes, present a complex challenge in today's volatile global landscape, requiring careful regulation and control. The content elaborates on the international efforts, particularly the Wassenaar Arrangement and national practices, to manage these risks, while also discussing the specific stance and legal framework of Turkey in combating the unintended consequences of such dual-use items..